• There is no concept of monotheism.
Based on the views of the above it can be concluded that Western civilization is centered on the philosophies of humanity absolute (material). Therefore absolute attachment to human then all existing values of Western civilization is based on the physical environment that shaped instead merely blended well with the element of lust. Rather it denies the role of monotheism or the role of religion in the formation of civilization.
Maryam jameelah make comments on the philosophy of Western civilization as a civilization that has a body, but does not have a soul and has no moral values. Finally civilization is no more than civilization "Engines of Creation". The society is also formed by the machine, while the machine does not have a soul and feelings. This is the factor that dragged Western societies fail to enter civilization capable of creating happiness and peace of mind. He was only able to give physical satisfaction but not the psychological and spiritual.
2.4 Differences Between Islam and Western civilization
The difference between Islam and Western civilization can be seen in the following aspects;
• Religion.
In Islamic civilization, Islam that regulates every aspect of human life includes faith, sharia and morals. He also arranged a system of political, economic, social and cultural. While in Western civilization, religion is part of culture. So another aspect of change, development, and decline. They set life-based solely thinking. At the same time, the role of religion was reduced to issue marriage, death and the ceremonies of worship.
• Convergence and Escort
In Islam there is no concept of integration and escort. Man's relationship with God is closely related to human relations. So also with the development of "Maddi" (material) is closely related to the development of "Ruhi" (Spiritual). All daily activities should follow the principles outlined by Islam. Although it is an activity among men but not apart from the divine control.
In Western civilization, there is no concept of integration. Western secular system mangajarkan that earthly things just for the sake of worldly solely without any relation to the religious and keakhiratan. Life activity is considered no relationship with God. Everything good value as fairness, honesty, trust and so no. Class is strong, and the effect will be continued to live in pleasure while the weak forever be persecuted.
• The concept of progress
The concept of progress in the Islamic civilization is achieved and obtained in an appropriate manner and has a clear objective and justified by religion. Islam is not just a good look at the goal, but the method and ingredients used must be lawful and not contrary to the laws of Sharia. For example, Islam encourages progress and exploration of science and technology but do not allow to use it for the purpose of destruction. Islam also encourages build on the progress made but prohibits the suppression of the people to achieve these objectives. Fiqh method are stated in "destination not justify the means".
The concept of progress according to the Western eye glasses are also more aim to to make a profit, release products in the quantity deemed necessary, sets new creations and the like. He did not question the progress that's how it is achieved, if the shape of reform, how it is achieved and whether the goal. In Western civilization all the way is lawful as long as it served their purpose, although the achievement was possible in the bloodshed, immorality, injustice and the cries of others.
• Perfection Progress
Islamic civilization emphasizes moral, spiritual, physical and nonsensical in a balanced and unity. The emphasis is "comprehensive" and "multidemension". Material or physical development is as a tool to enhance religious claims and spirituality. For example, we must have the strength and stability of the economy so as to fulfill the obligation in Islam such as charity, pilgrims and people can develop with the contributions of others.
While Western Civilization focuses only on purely material development and spiritual matters is ruled out. This condition makes the human being is always vying to meet the world demands and desires are endless. Eventually the man who advanced in terms of material but empty soul.
Islam rejects the alien civilization or civilizations everywhere are only concerned with sheer material. According to Islam, civilization-based materials being offset by spiritual wholeness as a civilization sick and included in the concept of civilization of ignorance which consequently cause damage. This condition is referred to in the Quran as Allah says which means:
"So if they do not make the journey on earth so that they can pay attention to how the end of those before them, Allah hath laid on their destruction and the disbelievers will accept (the effects of) such" (Muhammad: 10)
3 Universal Values In civilization
3.1 Definition of Value
The word value comes from the Latin word "Valere" which means to be strong and valuable. It is used for all the things such as attitudes, ideas and goals of quality (worth). Actually, the word value is intended for the benefit of something. It is the nature of heights (of thought, religion, community, etc.). Among philosophers, this value refers to a system of thought or something political, economic, social, religious and so on. In the context of community psychology, value is an important thing because he is seen as a determining factor of social behavior.
3.2 Universal Values in Civilization
• The value of trust
The value of the trust is to trust God's oneness. Values of faith towards God becomes the basic motivation that drives a person Muslims against various fields to meet life's challenges. At the same time he worked as an obedient servant to God and fought his way as well as strong attempt to seize all the opportunities goodness blessed by God.
The value of the trust is a fundamental aspect in the Islamic civilization and also in the teachings of Islam. The strength of Islam lies in this aspect, for example, the value of piety, sincerity, charity and others. This aspect brings man to the high dignity in the sight of Allah as Allah says which means;
".... Verily the noblest among you in the sight of Allah is the most pious". (Al-Hujurat: 13)
• The value of science
Scientific based on the perspective of Islamic civilization is a value that is not separate from faith. He often related and motivational brilliance creed became the basis of science. This is due to the Islamic faith upright on science. Faith and belief in Allah in Islam is based on the awareness of mind and knowledge, it is axiomatic in the Koran in which the verses of the Qur'an were revealed about the divinity and events that demonstrate the power of God. Jut and propel men to think, to observe rather than blindly accept the truth.
Attention Islam against the interests of science is very clear. The verses of al-Quran began to be revealed emphasize this issue, in which the word Iqra '(read) and said Qalam (pen) is used (see surah al-'Alaq: 1-5). Reading and pen as a tool for writing are important to convey to the person's knowledge. So based on these verses should not be people who are illiterate and ignorant in Islamic societies.
• Moral Values
Morals according to Islamic perspective is to put one's faith in God in a practical form. The Word of God which means;
"And who better religion than people who willingly surrendered to God was he was doing good." (Al-Nisa ': 125).
Humans who have a certain according to Islam is a man who gave himself totally to God. Submission and servitude to Allah frees man from all forms of obedience and slavery apart from God.
Civilization is built on purely material value like a corpse without a soul like Western civilization now. Aspects of this morality becomes an important value for the values is to be carried by humans to find God as described by Allah in the Koran. Without morals, values of faith and charity will not be perfect and Islamic civilization would not be forged or if built, just in the form of a limp.
• Economic Value / material
Although Islam emphasizes the spiritual and moral values in construction tamadunnya, this does not mean that Islam rejects direct material value. Islam accepts the value of material or the material as an auxiliary in tamadunnya aspect. In developing the material aspects, expertise in science and technology is needed. The use of science and technology for development shall be in a form that He approves and can provide security to the people and not to violate the rights of God and human memudharatkan.
Values important material in Islamic civilization since the al-Quran and al-Sunnah itself there is an emphasis to worship in the form of a material such as encashment zakat, jihad (treasures) and others. The Word of God which means;
".. And strive with their wealth and yourselves in the way of Allah. That is better for you if you know". (Al-Tawbah: 41).
• Value of Work / Business
The value of work and effort serves as a practical evidence for theories generated by the science. This is because scientific theories related to life will not create civilization and useful to the public except when conducted through effort and a real job. Value of work gets a privileged position that the jobs available to give a comfort room to life and is able to meet its demands. Employment covers all fields of human services, including all kinds of equipment, provisions and increased earnings. Work that covers all these services to work for subsistence and development of civilization. Employment in terms of the perspective of Islamic civilization is any planned work so neatly explain the cohesiveness between faith, science and charity.
• The value of humanity
If the value of humanity or "moral man" became the basis of mankind's living in a society, then that society will be a civilized society. Conversely if only "object or" material "is a high value or priority for a society, then that society is a society that counted backward, backward or in the truest sense uncivilized. Indeed Islam recognizes human values that led to the birth of the aspects that differentiate between humans and animal.
• Value Kekeluargaaan
Families become the main method in the formation of communities and families are built on the foundation of the division of duties between husband and wife, then that society will be a civilized society for the family in the form of a website and a base to the human values that shaped and nurtured to become guide the younger generation. These values may not be established except in a family.
4 Interactions In Civilization
Interaction is a social process result of a collision situation between cultures / civilizations or supporters of culture / civilization itself, or collisions that can occur without its supporters. Actions or active development between each other and the reaction must occur between two or more parties involved.
4.1 Factors Creating Interaction
• Tolerance leader
Leadership is an important factor that influences the interaction between civilizations. The interaction between civilizations occurs in a safe condition when the presence of a leader or king was tolerance and fair. Instead of a ruler or a despotic king and have no tolerance complicate the interaction between civilizations. For example, Muhammad is a leader who has the nature of tolerance. He did not restrict the activities of religious adherents of Judaism and Christianity during the reign of Islam in Madinah otherwise their rights have been protected by law.
• Attitude denomination
Usually this group as monks, priests and clerics have always tried to create an atmosphere of harmony and emphasizing the qualities keinsanan. Keinsanan values in life is stressed because every religion calls on men to be kind-both among humans. However, there are also examples that show that religious groups helped create conflict between people of different civilizations. For example, Pope Urban II in a massive reunion of Christians in Clermont, France in 1095M has called Christians at war with the Muslims who said to the unjust act over the adherents of Christianity.
• Thinking Open
Openness something civilizations provide opportunities for proliferation of thought and culture and enrich the civilization again in various aspects. Open attitude of Islamic civilization to civilization eg Greek, Roman and Persian mainly in the aspects of science has brought Muslims to the beacon of success in the field.
Closed stance and does not want to accept the changes, especially in terms of technological changes or changes in the structure of political, economic and social able to inhibit creativity and innovative society which then carries them in a state of prolonged freezing or old-fashioned. A thinker now, Edward de Bono stated that the closed stance is the biggest obstacle to a paradigm shift (paradigm shift). In the history of Islamic civilization can be seen how the Ottoman collapse from within as closed stance that did not receive technological and social changes.
• Aspects of Value Equation
The great civilizations of the world have the same value aspects such as moral values that include education, economics, family, community or society values and politics and government. Education is an important aspect of any civilization. The internal transformation is done to someone before he can master the external environment. Just different among civilizations is how the transformation is done and whether the elements are emphasized. In the monotheistic Islamic civilization plays an important role in human transformai. While in Buddhism and Hindu teachings, the transformation properties can be achieved through a process of self-discovery.
In economic activity in early civilizations taking place in the context of "moral universe". In Buddhism came the concept of the rights of life, whereas in Islamic teachings related to the principles of halal and haram has a close relationship with the issue of morality. Fraud, usury, corruption and embezzlement is prohibited in Islam. This condition is the same in Christian teachings that forbid it.
The family institution is an important unit in every civilization. Chinese civilization emphasizes the importance of a loving relationship and hierarchy of power in human relations. In Islamic civilization, the responsibility must be made by every member of the family is based on the feelings of affection and respect respect. While the Hindu Civilization family development has the goal to establish support in the form of physical and spiritual in addition to being a continuation zuriat. Family ties based on affection and respect.
Community or society is an important unit in every civilization. In Islamic civilization ties kominiti fellow members are not only determined by kinship, but the relationship among religious and human relations that includes relationships with Muslims and non-Muslims. Formation of the Chinese community is heavily influenced by the Chinese family system where kinship ties based on blood relations and the centralization of power to the father or the man is very strong. In Indian civilization also relationships that occur within the community based on the caste system that affects every action in the community.
In the aspect of politics and government, philosophy of civilizations traditional emphasis on morality or morality as the basis of government. Roles and responsibilities of government are given through the roles and responsibilities of government. King as a leader should have good morals. Adil is a basic principle that must be possessed by a leader.
• Institutions
Religion is an important element in civilization. Every religion has its own institutions such as mosques that the religion of Islam, Christianity and the church's temple in Hinduism and Buddhism. These institutions have an equal role in society as a place of worship and certain religious ceremonies in addition has other functions such as social and economic. In Islamic Civilization Islam mosque in the early stages is an important meeting place for Muslims alongside other civic activities. So is the church's role in Western civilization, not only as a place of worship but also a center of local social activities. The same condition also occurs in the temple in Hinduism and Buddhism.
All civilizations have values, ethics and institutions of its own and it is the uniqueness of a civilization. Even so we can not deny that there are also certain angles in these aspects have similarities that facilitates the interaction between civilizations in comfortable condition.
4.2 Effect of interaction
The interaction between civilizations exist because the high spirit of tolerance and mutual respect between civilizations with other civilizations. Such openness allows the proliferation of thought and culture and avoid the rigidity or stagnation which could cause damage to a civilization. The interaction between civilizations gave two important effects are the effects of positive and negative effects.
a. positive
The interaction between civilizations Hinduism and Buddhist civilization in ancient times on the whole yielded positive effects. Buddhism as a religion born in Hindu society has certain features of the philosophy of Hinduism such as Karma, Dharma and Mokhsa. After the Buddha and his mission, reform Hinduism influenced by certain ideas of Buddhism as a critique of the caste system, the concentration of power Brahma spiritual group, denial of certain rights of women and others. Situations like this show the two parties to benefit from the existence of interaction between civilizations.
The interaction between Islam and the Jews and Muslims and Christians at the time of the birth of Islam in the Arabian Peninsula contributed positive results. Rights of the Jewish community, the Christian groups and the others were given a guarantee of protection in the Charter of Medina that Muhammad himself arranged. Places of worship are protected and the freedom to practice their respective religious teachings without fear during which do not interfere with or attack Islam and the Muslim community. In the reign of the Umayyad until the reign of Uthamaniyah, Jewish and Christian communities living in harmony and peace in the midst of the Muslim community which is the majority. They are free to practice their respective religions and between them were given high positions in the government of the Islamic empire, especially in Andalus.
Interaction between Buddhism in Southeast Asia in terms of Muslim society to interact with people Buddhists in Thailand, Cambodia, Indonesia (Java) and Malaysia before the colonial era again. The existence of Borobudur in Java which Muslim majority is a symbol of tolerance like this. Likewise Interaction Malay and Chinese civilization is led Baba Nyonya community
Interconnected Muslims and Hindus in India before colonial times beneficial to both parties. Eg culture in dressing, eating and community architecture in northern India experienced positive changes due to collisions with the Islamic civilization. His form of Islamic architectural influence in Indian architecture such as the Taj Mahal. From the aspect also born Urdu language which is the language of interaction Persia (Islam) and Hindi (Hindu). While the field of music also spawned sitar music. Likewise, the Muslim community in India received the Hindu community lifestyle such as architecture, music and others.
The interaction between the Chinese civilization with Malay civilization involves skills and technologies and materials. Chinese civilization brought the technology to make sugar from sugar cane to the Malay Archipelago, for example in Java. So is the company's skills in silk, pottery and metal carpentry.
b. negative
The relationship between Christians and Jews is less satisfactory from the beginning again. Occurred in Europe between the 9th century and to 18M, a series of murders of Jews en masse. Factors related to theology, economic and social responsibility for these conditions. Likewise, there are sons of christian Europe in medieval launched a series of Crusades (Crusades) against Muslims in the Middle East that so many Muslims and Jews were killed. Again factors relating to theology, economically and socially responsible other than political factors.
In history there are some cases in India, and the Muslim army commander acted destroying Hindu temples though it sebegini forbidden by Islamic law itself. The same condition also occurs when the kings of Hindu act to kill Muslim people. The same condition also occurs before the arrival of Islam to India, where there are events Hindu groups destroy Hindu temples and Hindu groups perform the same actions destroy Buddhist temples.
Leaders who want to dominate the world would lead to chaos and war (Hitler, Bush Jr., Napoleon and so on). The spirit of narrow nationalism, such as Japan's attempt to put the whole world under one roof Japanese control or "Hakko-ichui" has brought Japan's involvement in World War 2. Competition control of economic resources of other countries to meet the needs of the capitalist economy as Western countries colonized almost all over the world with the aim of 3G (God, Gold, Glory).
However, the overall situation in Asia before the colonial era the West without taking into account the relationship of Christians and Jews, adherents of Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism, Confucianism, Taoism termasu own successful Christian living in harmony and peace.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Koran translation
Al-Attas, Syed Muhammad Naquib. Islam 1977: Religion and Ideology Moral Principles. Kuala Lumpur: Angkatan Belia Islam Malaysia.
.................................................. .................. 2001. The minutes for Muslims. Kuala Lumpur: ISTAC.
Abdul Latif Young. 1983. Facing the Challenge of Islamic Thought: A Study About Thought Bennabi Malek. Kuala Lumpur: Angkatan Belia Islam Malaysia.
Abdul Rauh Yaacob. 1994. Pages of History and Islamic Civilization. (Ed.). Selangor: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
Al-Qaradawi, Yusuf. 1992. Insights Islam: Between Originality and Modernity. Kuala Lumpur: Institute of Translation Negara Malaysia Berhad.
Azam Yusoff Hamzah and Zulekha. 1990. Civilization Islam: Concept His achievements. Selangor: academe Art Printing Services Sdn. Bhd.
Azhar Hj. Mad Aros. 2000. Titas 1. (et. Al.). Kuala Lumpur: Fajar Bakti Sdn. Bhd.
Ibrahim Abu Shah, Prof. Dr., Lelawati Abdul Hamid, Mohd Asri Abdullah. 1977. The advantages of Islamic Civilization: Challenges Facing the 15th Century AH / 21 AD. (Et.al.). Shah Alam: Biroteks ITM.
Ismail al-Faruqi, Dr. Prof. 1984 Islam: The Islamic Civilization Forcs civilazation. Seminar, Kuala Lumpur, 18-22 May, 1984, Prompts Daily News and the Ministry of Culture Youth And sports.
Mahayudin Haji Yahya. 1986. Islamic civilization and ideology-ideology Present. Selangor: Publisher Nadhi.
M.A.J. Bags, 1980. Islamic And Western Concepts of Civilization. Kuala Lumpur: Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.
................... 1980. The Image of Islamic Civilization. Kuala Lumpur: National University of Malaysia.
Wan Kamariah Weak (et.al). 1997. History and Islamic Civilization. Shah Alam: Force Distribution Enterprise Sdn. Bhd.
